What are non-specific responses in A-level biology?

Non-Specific Responses in A-Level Biology

The non-specific immune response is the body’s initial defense mechanism against infection. It acts swiftly and identically to all pathogens, providing a generalized barrier against disease. Key components of the non-specific immune response include inflammation, interferon production, and phagocytosis.

Inflammation

Inflammation is a localized response to injury or infection that involves increased blood flow and the recruitment of immune cells to the affected area. The symptoms of inflammation include redness, swelling, heat, and pain. These symptoms help to protect the body by limiting the spread of infection and promoting healing.

Interferon Production

Interferons are proteins that are produced in response to viral infection. They have antiviral properties and can help to protect cells from infection. Interferons also have immunoregulatory properties and can help to activate other components of the immune system.

Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis is the process by which cells engulf and destroy foreign particles. Phagocytic cells include macrophages and neutrophils. These cells are able to recognize and bind to pathogens, and then engulf them. Once the pathogens have been engulfed, they are destroyed by enzymes within the phagocytic cells.

The non-specific immune response is an important part of the body’s defense against infection. It provides a generalized barrier that helps to protect the body from a wide range of pathogens. However, the non-specific immune response is not always able to prevent infection. In some cases, the pathogen may be able to evade the non-specific immune response and establish an infection. In these cases, the body will need to mount a specific immune response to clear the infection.